Conceptions of Personality, including Behaviorist, Social Cognitive, Humanistic, and Trait Theories
Learn the major conceptions of personality. Study behaviorist theories emphasizing environmental influences and conditioning, social-cognitive theories highlighting observational learning and self-efficacy, humanistic theories stressing personal growth and self-actualization, and trait theories identifying stable personality characteristics. Understand how each theory explains personality development, assessment methods, and their practical applications. This comprehensive knowledge will aid in achieving a high score on the AP Psychology exam.
Learning Objectives
Focus on understanding the key principles of behaviorist, social-cognitive, humanistic, and trait theories. Learn how behaviorist theories emphasize environmental influences and conditioning, social-cognitive theories highlight observational learning and self-efficacy, humanistic theories stress personal growth and self-actualization, and trait theories identify stable personality characteristics. Comprehend how these theories explain personality development, assessment methods, and practical applications in real-life scenarios.
Conceptions of Personality
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Personality
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Personality refers to the unique and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual. It encompasses the consistent traits that make a person unique and influence how they interact with the environment and other people.
Major Theories of Personality
1. Psychoanalytic Theory
![Psychoanalytic Theory](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Psychoanalytic-Theory.png)
Developed by Sigmund Freud, this theory posits that personality is influenced by unconscious processes and childhood experiences.
- Structure of Personality:
- Id: The primitive and instinctual part of personality that operates on the pleasure principle.
- Ego: The rational part that operates on the reality principle, mediating between the desires of the id and the constraints of the superego.
- Superego: The moral conscience that incorporates societal standards and values.
- Psychosexual Stages of Development:
- Oral Stage (0-18 months): Pleasure centers on the mouth.
- Anal Stage (18-36 months): Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination.
- Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous feelings.
- Latency Stage (6 to puberty): Dormant sexual feelings.
- Genital Stage (puberty on): Maturation of sexual interests.
2. Trait Theory
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Trait theory suggests that personality is made up of a number of traits, which are relatively stable characteristics that influence behavior.
- The Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN):
- Openness to Experience: Imagination, creativity, and curiosity.
- Conscientiousness: Organization, dependability, and discipline.
- Extraversion: Sociability, assertiveness, and enthusiasm.
- Agreeableness: Trust, altruism, and kindness.
- Neuroticism: Emotional instability, anxiety, and moodiness.
3. Humanistic Theory
![Humanistic Theory](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Humanistic-Theory.png)
Humanistic theories emphasize personal growth and the achievement of human potential. Key figures include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
- Carl Rogers:
- Self-Concept: The organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.
- Unconditional Positive Regard: Acceptance and support of a person regardless of what they say or do.
- Abraham Maslow:
- Hierarchy of Needs: A pyramid of human needs, with basic physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top.
- Physiological Needs: Food Sources, water, warmth, rest.
- Safety Needs: Security, safety.
- Belongingness and Love Needs: Intimate relationships, friends.
- Esteem Needs: Prestige, feeling of accomplishment.
- Self-Actualization: Achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities.
4. Social-Cognitive Theory
![Social-Cognitive Theory](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Social-Cognitive-Theory.png)
Proposed by Albert Bandura, this theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, and situational influences on behavior.
- Reciprocal Determinism: The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
- Self-Efficacy: One’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations.
- Observational Learning: Learning by observing others, also known as modeling.
5. Biological Perspectives
![Biological Perspectives](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Biological-Perspectives.png)
This perspective looks at the influence of genetics and biological processes on personality.
- Genetic Influences: Twin and adoption studies show a significant genetic component to personality.
- Brain Structures: Certain brain regions are linked to specific personality traits (e.g., the amygdala and neuroticism).
- Neurotransmitters: Chemicals in the brain that affect mood and behavior, such as dopamine and serotonin.
6. Behaviorist Theory
![Behaviorist Theory](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Behaviorist-Theory.png)
Behaviorist theories focus on the role of the environment and external stimuli in shaping behavior. Key figures include B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson.
- Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Learning through association. An unconditioned stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response is paired with a neutral stimulus until the neutral stimulus alone brings about the response.
- Example: Pavlov’s dogs salivated when they heard a bell because they associated the bell with food.
- Operant Conditioning (Skinner): Learning through consequences. Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to occur, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely to occur.
- Positive Reinforcement: Adding a rewarding stimulus to increase a behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior.
- Positive Punishment: Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removing a rewarding stimulus to decrease a behavior.
- Behavioral Therapy: Techniques such as systematic desensitization and token economies are used to modify maladaptive behaviors.